MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a test that uses a magnetic field and pulses of radio wave energy to make pictures of organs and structures inside the body. In many cases, MRI gives different information about structures in the body than can be seen with an X-ray, ultrasound, or computed tomography (CT) scan. MRI also may show problems that cannot be seen with other imaging methods.

For an MRI test, the area of the body being studied is placed inside a special machine that contains a strong magnet. Pictures from an MRI scan are digital images that can be saved and stored on a computer for more study. The images also can be reviewed remotely, such as in a clinic or an operating room. In some cases, contrast material may be used during the MRI scan to show certain structures more clearly.

You may be able to have an MRI with an open machine  that doesn't enclose your entire body. But open MRI machines aren't available everywhere. The pictures from an open MRI may not be as good as those from a standard MRI machine .

Why It Is Done

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is done for many reasons. It is used to find problems such as tumors, bleeding, injury, blood vessel diseases, or infection. MRI also may be done to provide more information about a problem seen on an X-ray, ultrasound scan, or CT scan. Contrast material may be used during MRI to show abnormal tissue more clearly. An MRI scan can be done for the:

• Head. MRI can look at the brain for tumors, an aneurysm, bleeding in the brain, nerve injury, and other problems, such as damage caused by a stroke. MRI can also find problems of the eyes and optic nerves , and the ears and auditory nerves.
• Chest. MRI of the chest can look at the heart, the valves, andcoronary blood vessels . It can show if the heart or lungs are damaged. MRI of the chest may also be used to look for breast cancer.
• Blood vessels. Using MRI to look at blood vessels and the flow of blood through them is called magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). It can find problems of the arteries and veins, such as ananeurysm, a blocked blood vessel, or the torn lining of a blood vessel (dissection). Sometimes contrast material is used to see the blood vessels more clearly.
• Abdomen and pelvis. MRI can find problems in the organs and structures in the belly, such as the liver, gallbladder, pancreas,kidneys, and bladder. It is used to find tumors, bleeding, infection, and blockage. In women, it can look at the uterus and ovaries. In men, it looks at the prostate.
• Bones and joints. MRI can check for problems of the bones and joints, such as arthritis, problems with the temporomandibular joint , bone marrow problems, bone tumors, cartilage  problems, torn ligaments or tendons, or infection. MRI may also be used to tell if a bone is broken when X-ray results are not clear. MRI is done more commonly than other tests to check for some bone and joint problems.
• Spine. MRI can check the discs and nerves of the spine for conditions such as spinal stenosis, disc bulges, and spinal tumors.                                                                          source:www.webmd.com/a-to-z.../magnetic-resonance-imaging-mri                                                         
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• MRI INVENTOR
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•                 Raymond Johnson Damadian (Armenian: Ռեյմոնդ Վահան Դամադյան, born March 16, 1936) is an Armenian-Americanphysician, medical practitioner, and inventor of the first MR (Magnetic Resonance) Scanning Machine. His research into sodium and potassium in living cells led him to his first experiments with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) which caused him to first propose the MR body scanner in 1969. Damadian discovered that tumors and normal tissue can be distinguished in vivo by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) because of their prolonged relaxation times, both T₁ (spin-lattice relaxation) or T₂ (spin-spin relaxation). Damadian was the first to perform a full body scan of a human being in 1977 to diagnose cancer. Damadian invented an apparatus and method to use NMR safely and accurately to scan the human body, a method now well known as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).  
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•       SOURCE:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Vahan_Damadian        

My Opinion: This is the best way to find what is inside our body and it can can shows problems that cannot be seen with other imaging methods,
and it helps to investigate of what are the problems that can cause like chronic disease or what is the damage of the brain.

AGE DEFYING COSMETICS

AGE DEFYING COSMETICS

Best Anti-Aging Makeup

The blush of youth is one thing. But can makeup with retinol, antioxidants, soy, and other anti-agers turn back the clock? "It's a good way to round out what you're already doing with your skin-care routine," says Chicago dermatologist Amy Derick, M.D. In other words, pair an anti-aging cosmetic with your favorite serum or cream, and you'll be delivering a one-two punch to your wrinkles, age spots, and more. Dr. Derick is quick to note the best age fighter around is sunscreen, common in many of the latest cosmetics. And while it takes consistent, prolonged use of almost any treatment product (at least four weeks, derms agree) to produce results, most multitasking makeup delivers an instant youth-restorer as well: reflective particles that bounce and scatter light so fine lines and imperfections look less obvious (call it the candlelight effect). Of course, how you apply it matters as much as what you're applying. Here are the best tips for your personal complexion concerns.

Your Concern: Dryness

What the derms say: Nothing accentuates fine lines like parched skin, but dryness is easy to remedy. Look for a foundation that contains humectants, or moisturizers known for their ability to absorb and hold on to moisture from the air, says New York City dermatologist David Colbert, M.D. He's a fan of glycerin as well as hyaluronic acid, a substance that's naturally in our skin and that he calls a "super humectant," given that the molecule can retain up to a thousand times its weight in water. "The idea is to retain as much moisture as possible, especially since foundation can otherwise make skin look masklike," he says. And if you're really dry, avoid any base that contains salicylic acid, because the exfoliator sweeps away skin's natural oils, says Dr. Derick.

What the makeup artist says: Before you scan a package for any of the above ingredients, see whether the word "matte" appears anywhere on it. If so, move on to the next candidate, says makeup artist Kimara Ahnert, owner of studios in Greenwich, CT, and New York City. "A matte finish highlights dryness," she explains. Instead, try MAC Cosmetics Pro Longwear SPF10 Foundation ($29.50, department stores) or, for sheerer coverage, Stila Illuminating Tinted Moisturizer SPF 20 ($32, Sephora); both hydrate with hyaluronic acid. Skip powder foundations, concealers, blushes, and bronzers, too; unless it's specially formulated, powder can easily sink into and emphasize lines.

article source:www.webmd.com/beauty/aging/best-anti-aging-makeup

HISTORY

Every year, come awards season, the same thought inevitably obsesses me: what devil has Cate Blanchett made a pact with, and how does one get a piece of that action? She seems to be aging in reverse—cheekbones rising ever-skyward and pores reduced to the point of invisibility. That is to say nothing of lines or wrinkles (because there aren’t any). I don’t care how expensive or #destinychanging the SK-II system claims to be, but there are supernatural forces at work there, mark my words. While Blanchett (beyond her role as SK-II spokesmodel) continues to remain quiet, maybe it’s best to consider the age-defying routines of days gone by. Ladies in positions of power and prestige have long gone to great lengths to preserve the blush of youth. Here are a few women who may have wondered before their own mirrors if they were the fairest of them all...

Cleopatra

The Egyptian queen is said to have indulged in daily donkey-milk baths, a practice which apparently required over 700 donkeys to accomplish. The alpha hydroxy acids in the milk possessed anti-aging and skin-softening agents, but the story makes one wonder a lot about ancient plumbing and post-cleanse perfumes. For a modern-day alternative, try Elucx Rose Milk Bath Soak that's made with goat’s milk powder and Dead Sea salt.

Empress Wu Zetian

Tang-dynasty ruler and sole female emperor of China, Wu Zetian, maintained a lifelong interest in skincare formulas. She mixed her famed “fairy powder” (made of carefully harvested and prepared Chinese motherwort) with cold water in order to wash her face each morning. It must’ve worked: the empress was a famed beauty well into her old age. While not made with motherwort, Wei’s Chinese Licorice Anti-Aging Color Correction CC Cream helps skin retain radiance by incorporating herbs used in Chinese skincare for thousands of years.

Elizabeth Báthory

The most hair-raising entrant in this list, 16th century Hungarian countess Elizabeth Báthory is infamous for being one of the world’s first documented female serial killers. Most of her life is shrouded in mystery and legend—the most famous story being that she would regularly bathe in the blood of her female victims (peasant virgins sent to the Báthory estate to work as maidservants for the beautiful, bloodthirsty countess). Less homicidal is Peter Thomas Roth’s 21st Birthday Kit, a five piece anti-aging set that incorporates Dragon’s Blood Complex, which is a red tree resin found in the Amazon that boosts collagen.

Mary, Queen of Scots

Mary, Queen of Scots, the ill-fated and attractive adversary of Elizabeth I, spent her sixteenth-century happier days on her estate in Edinburgh, Scotland, where her beauty regimen was said to include white-wine baths. In addition to wine’s antiseptic alcohol content, it was also was thought to improve complexion in general. Consider it an early, immersive, and slightly more expensive version of Caudalie’s Beauty Elixir.

Empress Elisabeth (Sisi) of Austria

This 19th century noblewoman’s self-imposed beauty routine was as rigid and obsessive as they come, including an intense tight-lacing practice that kept her waist smaller than nineteen inches in circumference her entire life. Crème Céleste, a favorite product of Sisi’s, was a concoction of spermaceti (a wax found in the head of sperm whales), sweet almond oil, and rosewater. She would apply this daily (but you may feel more comfortable in Weleda Almond Soothing Facial Cream). At night, she was known to coat her face in raw veal and crushed strawberries, kept in place with a custom-made leather mask. Kind of the opposite of the Mega Greens Galaxy Pack…

—Lauren Maas

ARTICLE SOURCE:https://intothegloss.com/2015/03/history-of-anti-aging/

My Opinion: I think this is for girls that who wants to be pretty and stay young. Some women
is using age defying cosmetics because of the enchance appearance of the looks and fragrance
of some items they use. Some women wants to be young and pretty again but the only problem 
is that it cost a lot of money.

HYBRID CARS

WHAT IS A HYBRID CAR?

A hybrid car is one that uses more than one means of propulsion. At the moment, that means combining a normal petrol or diesel engine with an electric motor.

The chief advantages of a hybrid are that it uses less fuel and emits less CO2 than most conventional non-hybrid vehicles.

Because of this, owners also get extra benefits in the shape of lower rates of road and company car tax, as well as possibly avoiding congestion charges.

How do they work?

Hybrids are powered by either a petrol or diesel engine and an electric motor.

However, different manufacturers have come up with different ways of merging the two powertrains into one.

There are three main types of hybrid, but all of them drive much like a conventional automatic car.

Benefits of Hybrid Cars

1. Hybrid Cars Show You How to Drive Efficiently
Just like a Jeep is in its element when driven off-road, and a Ferrari likes to be driven like a race car, a hybrid desperatelywants to be driven efficiently. Our Toyota Prius, like most hybrids, has a display that shows our present mileage as well as average miles per gallon. It even tells us how much energy we recoup with the brakes.

2. You Can Beat the EPA Mileage Estimates
Our goal was to double our observed fuel economy from the 22 mpg we had been getting with the Subaru. While we would have been happy with 44 mpg, or even the EPA rating of 48 mpg in the city, we were astonished to regularly see our fuel efficiency in the mid 50s. We credit efficient driving, aided by the Prius display, as the key to beating the EPA mileage estimates.

3. Don’t Worry about the Battery
Every time I mentioned that I was buying a hybrid, I was warned about the battery failing. There is a popular myth that the battery is unreliable and a replacement is shockingly expensive. Consumer Reports notes that Toyota sells replacement batteries for $2,300 to $2,600. Practically speaking, if you had to replace a battery on a 10-year-old hybrid, you could pay about $500 for one from a salvage yard, just like you could if you had to replace any major component on an older car.

4. Expect Less Maintenance
One of the neat things about a hybrid is that the gas engine is not running when you are stopped or driving slowly. It is amazing how often that happens in city driving. The result is that you are putting less wear on your engine. For this reason, Toyota only recommends oil changes every 5,000 miles, unlike my Subaru which specifies oil changes every 3,000 miles.

Its brakes should last longer too. Unless you have to brake suddenly, a hybrid regenerates electricity with a regenerative brake instead of applying the standard brakes. Since you could drive around all day without hardly using the conventional brakes, you can expect your brakes to need service far less often than a non-hybrid would. When the Prius was used in taxi fleets, it demonstrated less of a need for brake maintenance than its non-hybrid counterparts.

INVENTORS

1665 – 1825

Between 1665 and 1680, Flemish Jesuit priest and astronomer Ferdinand Verbiest created plans for a miniature four-wheel unmanned steam “car” for Chinese Emperor Khang Hsi. In 1769, Frenchman Nicholas Cugnot built a steam-powered motor carriage capable of six miles per hour. In 1825, British inventor Goldsworthy Gurney built a steam car that successfully completed an 85 mile round-trip journey in ten hours time. (Steamers dominated the automotive landscape until the late 19th century.)

1839
Robert Anderson of Aberdeen, Scotland built the first electric vehicle.

1870
Sir David Salomon developed a car with a light electric motor and very heavy storage batteries. Driving speed and range were poor.

1886
Historical records indicate that an electric-powered taxicab, using a battery with 28 cells and a small electric motor, was introduced in England.

1888
Immisch & Company built a four-passenger carriage, powered by a one-horsepower motor and 24-cell battery, for the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. In the same year, Magnus Volk in Brighton, England made a three-wheeled electric car.

1890 – 1910
Period of significant improvements in battery technology, specifically with development of the modern lead-acid battery by H. Tudor and nickel-iron battery by Edison and Junger.

1897
The London Electric Cab Company began regular service using cars designed by Walter Bersey. The Bersey Cab, which used a 40-cell battery and 3 horsepower electric motor, could be driven 50 miles between charges.

1897
The Pope Manufacturing Company of Hartford, Connecticut, built around 500 electric cars over a two-year period.

1898
The Austrian Dr. Ferdinand Porsche, at age 23, built his first car, the Lohner Electric Chaise. It was the world’s first front-wheel-drive. Porsche’s second car was a hybrid, using an internal combustion engine to spin a generator that provided power to electric motors located in the wheel hubs. On battery alone, the car could travel nearly 40 miles.

1898
The Electric Carriage and Wagon Company, of New York City, had a fleet of twelve sturdy and stylish electric cabs.

1899
The Pope Manufacturing Company merged with two smaller electric car companies to form the Electric Vehicle Company, the first large-scale operation in the American automobile industry. The company had assets of $200 million.

Two hybrids appeared at the Paris Salon.

1900
American car companies made 1,681 steam, 1,575 electric and 936 gasoline cars. In a poll conducted at the first National Automobile Show in New York City, patrons favored electric as their first choice, followed closely by steam.

2000
Toyota released the Toyota Prius, the first hybrid four-door sedan available in the United States.

2002
Honda introduced the Honda Civic Hybrid, its second commercially available hybrid gasoline-electric car. The appearance and drivability of the Civic Hybrid was (and still is) identical to the conventional Civic.

2004
The Toyota Prius II won 2004 Car of the Year Awards from Motor Trend Magazine and the North American Auto Show. Toyota was surprised by the demand and pumped up its production from 36,000 to 47,000 for the U.S. market. Interested buyers waited up to six months to purchase the 2004 Prius. Toyota Motor Sales U.S.A. President Jim Press called it "the hottest car we’ve ever had."

In September, Ford released the Escape Hybrid, the first American hybrid and the first SUV hybrid.

My Opinion: Hybrid Cars help us to make less time when we go to work because it is fast than a regular car but drive safely and the only enemy is traffic. Hybrid Cars can evolved every year based on my research. The other purpose of hybrid cars is the process of saving money in the government tax for those who purchased it.